Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder that occurs when acidic stomach contents reflux into the oesophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, a sensation of fullness and frequent belching. Frequently associated with obesity and smoking, it affects approximately 15–20% of the population. The main cause is dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter, the valve that prevents gastric contents from flowing back into the oesophagus, and it may be exacerbated by factors such as increased intra-abdominal pressure, poor dietary habits, smoking and pregnancy.

Main symptoms:

• Heartburn and pain or burning sensation in the oesophagus;
• Sensation of fullness and frequent belching;
• Hoarseness, dry cough and laryngitis;
• Halitosis and dental erosion.

Diagnosis is made through clinical assessment, oesophageal function tests and endoscopy, which allow identification of inflammation caused by acid reflux. Treatment includes medication (such as proton pump inhibitors and antacids), lifestyle and dietary changes, and, in selected cases, endoscopic sphincter-tightening techniques (ARMA, endoscopic fundoplication) or surgery. Lifestyle modification, weight loss and dietary care are essential to control the disease and prevent complications, including the risk of oesophageal cancer.